HDD: Difference between revisions
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Apart from the last step, setting up /etc/fstab there are no differences between partitioning a HDD or SSD drive. All modern Linux partitioning tools take care of aligning the partitions automatically. | Apart from the last step, setting up /etc/fstab there are no differences between partitioning a HDD or SSD drive. All modern Linux partitioning tools take care of aligning the partitions automatically. | ||
== Create a simple Linux GPT partition layout (UEFI) == | == Relevant Partition IDs == | ||
{{Note|Supported as of GPT fdisk 0.8.10.1.}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Partition ID !! Description !! Auto-mounted by systemd !! Mount point | |||
|- | |||
| EF02 || BIOS boot partition || - || | |||
|- | |||
| EF00 || EFI System Partition || - || | |||
|- | |||
| FD00 || Linux RAID || - || | |||
|- | |||
| 8200 || Linux swap || yes || | |||
|- | |||
| 8300 || Linux filesystem || - || | |||
|- | |||
| 8302 || Linux /home || yes || /home | |||
|- | |||
| 8303 || Linux x86 root (/) || yes || / | |||
|- | |||
| 8304 || Linux x86-64 root (/) || yes || / | |||
|- | |||
| 8305 || Linux ARM64 root (/) || yes || / | |||
|- | |||
| 8306 || Linux /srv || yes || /srv | |||
|} | |||
== Create a simple Linux GPT partition layout (UEFI with or without secure boot) == | |||
{{Code|GPT partition layout for UEFI| | {{Code|GPT partition layout for UEFI| | ||
| Line 8: | Line 38: | ||
/dev/sda2 500 MiB /boot 8300 ext4 Linux filesystem | /dev/sda2 500 MiB /boot 8300 ext4 Linux filesystem | ||
/dev/sda3 512 MiB 8200 swap Linux swap | /dev/sda3 512 MiB 8200 swap Linux swap | ||
/dev/sda4 25 GiB / | /dev/sda4 25 GiB / 8304 ext4 Linux x86-64 root (/) | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 47: | Line 77: | ||
enter | enter | ||
enter | enter | ||
8304 | |||
p | p | ||
| Line 62: | Line 92: | ||
/dev/sda2 100 MiB /boot 8300 ext4 Linux filesystem | /dev/sda2 100 MiB /boot 8300 ext4 Linux filesystem | ||
/dev/sda3 512 MiB 8200 swap Linux swap | /dev/sda3 512 MiB 8200 swap Linux swap | ||
/dev/sda4 25 GiB / | /dev/sda4 25 GiB / 8304 ext4 Linux x86-64 root (/) | ||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 98: | Line 128: | ||
enter | enter | ||
enter | enter | ||
8304 | |||
p | p | ||
| Line 107: | Line 137: | ||
== Create the filesystems == | == Create the filesystems == | ||
{{Root|mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2}} | {{Root|mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2}} | ||
| Line 115: | Line 143: | ||
{{Root|mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4}} | {{Root|mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4}} | ||
Additional for UEFI: {{Root|mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1}} | |||
== Label the filesystems == | == Label the filesystems == | ||
| Line 123: | Line 153: | ||
{{Root|tune2fs -L root /dev/sda4}} | {{Root|tune2fs -L root /dev/sda4}} | ||
Additional for UEFI: | |||
{{Root|fatlabel /dev/sda1 efi}} | |||
And verify with: | And verify with: | ||
| Line 139: | Line 173: | ||
{{Root|mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/exherbo/boot}} | {{Root|mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/exherbo/boot}} | ||
Additional for UEFI: | |||
{{Root|mkdir /mnt/exherbo/boot/efi}} | {{Root|mkdir /mnt/exherbo/boot/efi}} | ||
| Line 148: | Line 184: | ||
{{Root|mount -o rbind /dev /mnt/exherbo/dev/}} | {{Root|mount -o rbind /dev /mnt/exherbo/dev/}} | ||
{{Root|mount -o | {{Root|mount -o rbind /sys /mnt/exherbo/sys/}} | ||
{{Root|mount -t proc none /mnt/exherbo/proc/}} | {{Root|mount -t proc none /mnt/exherbo/proc/}} | ||
| Line 163: | Line 199: | ||
{{File|/etc/fstab| | {{File|/etc/fstab| | ||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
UUID= | UUID=cf602240-7bac-4b29-8930-2080a5aac7cd / ext4 defaults 0 1 | ||
UUID= | UUID=0930a69b-f2d5-4607-93fe-4f8bfdf2ea87 /boot ext4 defaults 0 2 | ||
UUID=8E3D-60F5 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 0 | |||
UUID=8431f5f2-0cb1-4831-aed2-00d618543e0a swap swap defaults 0 0 | |||
UUID=8E3D-60F5 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 0 | |||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 180: | Line 215: | ||
{{File|/etc/fstab| | {{File|/etc/fstab| | ||
<pre> | <pre> | ||
UUID=cf602240-7bac-4b29-8930-2080a5aac7cd / ext4 defaults,noatime,discard | UUID=cf602240-7bac-4b29-8930-2080a5aac7cd / ext4 defaults,noatime,discard 0 1 | ||
UUID=0930a69b-f2d5-4607-93fe-4f8bfdf2ea87 /boot ext4 defaults,noatime,discard,noauto | UUID=0930a69b-f2d5-4607-93fe-4f8bfdf2ea87 /boot ext4 defaults,noatime,discard,noauto 0 2 | ||
UUID=8E3D-60F5 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt | UUID=8E3D-60F5 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt,noauto 0 0 | ||
UUID=8431f5f2-0cb1-4831-aed2-00d618543e0a swap swap defaults | UUID=8431f5f2-0cb1-4831-aed2-00d618543e0a swap swap defaults 0 0 | ||
</pre> | |||
}} | |||
== SSD: Check estimated remaining life time / Wear Leveling Count == | |||
To check the current Wear Leveling Count (supported e.g. by Samsung SSDs). | |||
{{Root|smartctl -a /dev/sda | grep "Wear_Leveling_Count"}} | |||
{{Code|smartctl Wear_Leveling_Count Output| | |||
<pre> | |||
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 099 099 000 Pre-fail Always - 2 | |||
</pre> | </pre> | ||
}} | }} | ||
The Wear_Leveling_Count starts to count down from 100 to 01, in this example it's 099 since the drive is pretty new. | |||
== Edit reserved block count (on pure data partitions) == | |||
{{Root|tune2fs -m 0 /dev/sdd1}} | |||
{{Root|tune2fs -l /dev/sdd1 | grep "Reserved block count"}} | |||
Latest revision as of 10:17, 5 June 2020
Apart from the last step, setting up /etc/fstab there are no differences between partitioning a HDD or SSD drive. All modern Linux partitioning tools take care of aligning the partitions automatically.
Relevant Partition IDs
Note: Supported as of GPT fdisk 0.8.10.1.
| Partition ID | Description | Auto-mounted by systemd | Mount point |
|---|---|---|---|
| EF02 | BIOS boot partition | - | |
| EF00 | EFI System Partition | - | |
| FD00 | Linux RAID | - | |
| 8200 | Linux swap | yes | |
| 8300 | Linux filesystem | - | |
| 8302 | Linux /home | yes | /home |
| 8303 | Linux x86 root (/) | yes | / |
| 8304 | Linux x86-64 root (/) | yes | / |
| 8305 | Linux ARM64 root (/) | yes | / |
| 8306 | Linux /srv | yes | /srv |
Create a simple Linux GPT partition layout (UEFI with or without secure boot)
| Code: GPT partition layout for UEFI |
/dev/sda1 200 MiB /boot/efi EF00 vfat EFI System Partition /dev/sda2 500 MiB /boot 8300 ext4 Linux filesystem /dev/sda3 512 MiB 8200 swap Linux swap /dev/sda4 25 GiB / 8304 ext4 Linux x86-64 root (/) |
# gdisk /dev/sda
| Code: gdisk commands |
Command (? for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 156301488 sectors, 74.5 GiB [...] n 1 enter +200M EF00 c 1 EFI System Partition n 2 enter +500M 8300 n 3 enter +512M 8200 n 4 enter enter 8304 p w Y |
Create a simple Linux GPT partition layout (Legacy BIOS)
| Code: GPT partition layout for legacy BIOS |
/dev/sda1 1 MiB EF02 BIOS boot BIOS boot partition /dev/sda2 100 MiB /boot 8300 ext4 Linux filesystem /dev/sda3 512 MiB 8200 swap Linux swap /dev/sda4 25 GiB / 8304 ext4 Linux x86-64 root (/) |
# gdisk /dev/sda
| Code: gdisk commands |
Command (? for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 156301488 sectors, 74.5 GiB [...] n 1 enter +1M EF02 n 2 enter +100M 8300 n 3 enter +512M 8200 n 4 enter enter 8304 p w Y |
Create the filesystems
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
# mkswap /dev/sda3
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4
Additional for UEFI:
# mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1
Label the filesystems
# tune2fs -L boot /dev/sda2
# mkswap -L swap /dev/sda3
# tune2fs -L root /dev/sda4
Additional for UEFI:
# fatlabel /dev/sda1 efi
And verify with:
# blkid
Mount the filesystems
# mkdir -p /mnt/exherbo
# swapon /dev/sda3
# mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/exherbo
# mkdir /mnt/exherbo/boot
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/exherbo/boot
Additional for UEFI:
# mkdir /mnt/exherbo/boot/efi
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/exherbo/boot/efi
Optional: For installation or rescue purposes you might also need to mount the following.
# mount -o rbind /dev /mnt/exherbo/dev/
# mount -o rbind /sys /mnt/exherbo/sys/
# mount -t proc none /mnt/exherbo/proc/
Configure /etc/fstab
List the UUIDs with:
# blkid
For HDDs
File: /etc/fstab
UUID=cf602240-7bac-4b29-8930-2080a5aac7cd / ext4 defaults 0 1 UUID=0930a69b-f2d5-4607-93fe-4f8bfdf2ea87 /boot ext4 defaults 0 2 UUID=8E3D-60F5 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt 0 0 UUID=8431f5f2-0cb1-4831-aed2-00d618543e0a swap swap defaults 0 0
For SSDs
- You could go for relatime as a compromise instead, but there are currently no known issues (exception is mutt) when using noatime
- discard enables the TRIM function which should be available on all modern SSDs, check with # hdparm -I /dev/sda
- mdraid, dm-crypt and the loopback block driver support passing discard commands to the underlying layer(s) since kernel 3.7
File: /etc/fstab
UUID=cf602240-7bac-4b29-8930-2080a5aac7cd / ext4 defaults,noatime,discard 0 1 UUID=0930a69b-f2d5-4607-93fe-4f8bfdf2ea87 /boot ext4 defaults,noatime,discard,noauto 0 2 UUID=8E3D-60F5 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077,shortname=winnt,noauto 0 0 UUID=8431f5f2-0cb1-4831-aed2-00d618543e0a swap swap defaults 0 0
SSD: Check estimated remaining life time / Wear Leveling Count
To check the current Wear Leveling Count (supported e.g. by Samsung SSDs).
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
| Code: smartctl Wear_Leveling_Count Output |
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 099 099 000 Pre-fail Always - 2 |
The Wear_Leveling_Count starts to count down from 100 to 01, in this example it's 099 since the drive is pretty new.
Edit reserved block count (on pure data partitions)
# tune2fs -m 0 /dev/sdd1
# tune2fs -l /dev/sdd1